If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to my RSS feed. Thanks for visiting! Just as the nature of drilling-fluid solids affects the efficiency of solids control equipment(GN Solids Control ), the nature of the solids also plays an integral role in the properties of drilling fluids, which in turn affect the properties of the solids and the performance of the equipment.This intricate and very complex dynamic relationship among the solids, drilling fluid, and solids-control equipment is represented in the Figure below.
 Mud Processing Circle Any change made to one of these affects the other two, and those in turn affect all three, and so on. To optimize a drilling operation, it is important to understand how the solids affect bulk mud properties, particularly rheology, hole cleaning, filtration, drilling rate (rate of penetration [ROP]), along with surface properties such as shale inhibition potential, lubricity, and wetting characteristics.
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\\ tags: Drilling Fluid Properties
The types and quantities of solids (insoluble components) present in drilling mud systems play major roles in the fluid’s density, viscosity, filter-cake quality/filtration control, and other chemical and mechanical properties. The type of solid and its concentration influences mud and well costs, including factors such as drilling rate, hydraulics, dilution rate, torque and drag, surge and swab pressures, differential sticking, lost circulation, hole stability, and balling of the bit and the bottom-hole assembly. These, in turn, influence the service life of bits, pumps, and other mechanical equipment. Insoluble polymers, clays, and weighting materials are added to drilling mud to achieve various desirable properties.
Drilled solids, consisting of rock and low-yielding clays, are incorporated into the mud continuously while drilling. To a limited extent, they can be tolerated and may even be beneficial. Dispersion of clay-bearing drilled solids creates highly charged colloidal particles (<2 mm) that generate significant viscosity, particularly at low shear rates, which aids in suspension of all solids. If the clays are sodium montmorillonite, the solids will also form thin filter cakes and control filtration (loss of liquid phase) into the drilled formation(GN Solids Control). Above a concentration of a few weight percent, dispersed drilled solids can generate excessive low-shear-rate and high-shear-rate viscosities, greatly reduced drilling rates, and excessively thick filter cakes.
 Fig. 1 Effect of Mud Weight and MBT on Viscosity of Acceptable WBM
As shown in Figure 1, increasing the mud density from 10 lb/gal to 18 lb/gal requires that the MBT be reduced by half. Different mud densities require different strategies to maintain the concentration of drilled solids within an acceptable range. Whereas low mud densities may require only mud dilution in combination with a simple mechanical separator, high mud densities may require a more complex strategy: (a) chemical treatment to limit dispersion of the drilled solids (e.g., use of a shale inhibitor or deflocculant like lignosulfonate), (b) more frequent dilution of the drilling fluid with base fluid, and (c) more complex solidsremoval equipment, such as mud cleaners and centrifuges.
 Fig. 2 Drilling Fluid Circulating System In either case, solids removal is one of the most important aspects of mud system control, since it has a direct bearing on drilling efficiency and represents an opportunity to reduce overall drilling costs. A diagram of a typical mud circulating system, including various solids-control devices, is shown in Figure 2. While some dilution with fresh treated mud is necessary and even desirable, sole reliance on dilution to control buildup of drilled solids in the mud is very costly.
Solids removal on the rig is accomplished by one or more of the following techniques:
. Screening: Shale shakers, gumbo removal devices
. Hydrocycloning: Desanders, desilters
. Centrifugation: Scalping and decanting centrifuges
. Gravitational settling: Sumps, dewatering units
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\\ tags: Drilling Fluid System
GN Solids Control have supplied a lot of system for oil & gas drilling, HDD projects, also pipe-jacking, dredger slurry systems. 2000gpm is a popular one, especially for pipe-jacking & dredger slurry separation. For both pipe jacking and dredging, the capacity is large, with high percentage solids content.
The usual system contains 2 GNZS703 shakers, 2 GNZJ703-2 desanders, 2GNZJ703-16 desilters, 4ea 55kw centrifugal pumps for the desander and desilter, can be arranged on a 14.5 meters long mud tank, also can be a movable tank.
Sometimes clients requires the final solid less than 5 micron, then you need decanter centrifuges, but it needs a lot of centrifuges. GN had developed the decanter centrifuge to apply any difficult jobs. 
When we make the first system, took some time to figure out why not use a mud cleaner, with desander cones and desilter cones on the top of the shaker. Since dredging project is considering more about the envioment, also they have to consider about how to use the separated solids. The bigger part, for the road; small part, for making cement; and so on.
Our fluid divider pipe usually 10″, so if you use 10″ or 12″ pipe to connect with the dredger pump, you can pump the mixture directly to the shale shaker. Our shaker will use rug type screen to do this job.
We always try to understand more about our clients, that is why GN can supply a cost effective, efficient solution.
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Functions of Drilling Fluids
A drilling fluid, or mud, is any fluid that is used in a drilling operation in which that fluid is circulated or pumped from the surface, down the drill string, through the bit, and back to the surface via the annulus.
Drilling fluids satisfy many needs in their capacity to do the following:
① Suspend cuttings (drilled solids), remove them from the bottom of the hole and the well bore, and release them at the surface
② Control formation pressure and maintain well-bore stability
③ Seal permeable formations
④ Cool, lubricate, and support the drilling assembly
⑤ Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit
⑥ Minimize reservoir damage
⑦ Permit adequate formation evaluation & Control corrosion
⑧ Facilitate cementing and completion
⑨ Minimize impact on the environment
⑩ Inhibit gas hydrate formation
The most critical function that a drilling fluid performs is to minimize the concentration of cuttings around the drill bit and throughout the well bore. Of course, in so doing, the fluid itself assumes this cuttings burden, and if the cuttings are not removed from the fluid, it very quickly loses its ability to clean the hole and creates thick filter cakes. To enable on-site recycling and reuse of the drilling fluid, cuttings must be continually and efficiently removed.
Types of Drilling Fluids
Drilling fluids are classified according to the type of base fluid and other primary ingredients:
① Gaseous: Air, nitrogen
② Aqueous: Gasified—foam, energized (including aphrons) Clay, polymer, emulsion
③ Nonaqueous: Oil or synthetic—all oil, invert emulsion
 Figure1: Types of Water-Based Muds True foams contain at least 70% gas (usually N2, CO2, or air) at the surface of the hole, while energized fluids, including aphrons, contain lesser amounts of gas. Aphrons are specially stabilized bubbles that function as a bridging or lost circulation material (LCM) to reduce mud losses to permeable and microfractured formations. Aqueous drilling fluids are generally dubbed water-based muds (WBMs), while nonaqueous drilling fluids (NAFs) are often referred to as oil-based muds (OBMs) or synthetic-based muds (SBMs). OBMs are based on NAFs that are distilled from crude oil; they include diesel, mineral oils, and refined linear paraffins (LPs). SBMs, which are also known as pseudo– oil-based muds, are based on chemical reaction products of common feedstock materials like ethylene; they include olefins, esters, and synthetic LPs.
Detailed classification schemes for liquid drilling fluids are employed that describe the composition of the fluids more precisely. One such classification scheme is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
 Figure 2: Types of Invert-Emulsion Muds
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The majority of shale shakers use a back tank (commonly known as a possum belly or a mud box) to receive drilling fluid from the flowline.
 shale shaker back tank Drilling fluid flows over a weir and is evenly distributed to the screening surface, or deck. The screen(s) are mounted in a basket that vibrates to assist the throughput of drilling fluid and the movement of separated solids. The basket rests on vibration isolator members, such as helical springs, air springs, or rubber float mounts. The vibration isolation members are supported by the skid. Below the basket, a collection pan (or bed) is used to channel the screen underflow to the active system.
Shale shaker performance is affected by the type of motion, stroke length of the deck, and the rotary speed of the motor. The shape and axial direction of the vibration motion along the deck is controlled by the position of the vibrator(s) in relation to the deck and rotation direction of the vibrator(s). There are many commercially available basket and deck configurations. The deck may be mounted at a slope (Figures A, B, E, and F) or horizontally (Figures C and D).
 various shaker basket configurations written by GN Decanter Centrifuge
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API RP13C Testing and Labeling Procedure
API RP 13C is the physical testing and labeling procedure for shaker screens. To be API RP13C compliant, a screen must be tested and labeled in accordance with the new recommended practice (Derrick high quality replacement shaker screen for sale). The tests describe a screen without predicting its performance and can be performed anywhere in the world. Internationally, API RP13C in known as ISO13501.
GN replacement API RP13C shaker screen for sale
 GN replacement Derrick/Brandt shaker screen The lack of commonly accepted screen labeling procedures and great disparity in screen designations throughout the oil and gas drilling industry led to the development of API RP13C.The procedure is a revision of the previous API RP13E,which was based on optical measurement of the screen opening using a microscope and computer analysis. Under API RP13E, screen designations were based on individual manufacturer test methods, producing inconsistent labeling(GN replacement shaker screen for Derrick, Brandt, MI-Swaco, etc… ).
Screen Cut Point Determined by ASTM Sieves
The API RP13C cut point is based on a time-proven testing method used by ASTM to classify particles by size. The procedure utilizes a serried of standard-size screens (sieves), which have been used for such analysis since 1910.The API standards committee simply adapted the use of these sieves to designating shaker screens.
The shaker screen designation is identified by matching the screen’s cut point to the closest ASTM sieve cut point. The cut point test uses aluminum oxide, a Rotap, a set if ASTM sieves, a test screen, and a digital scale for weighing the quantity of test particles retained by the test screen.
The D100 cut point is used for assigning screen designations.D100 means that 100 percent of the particles larger than the D100 cut point will be retained, and all finer particles will pass though. After conducting three Rotap tests, the results are averaged, and the screen is given an API number of the test sieve having the closest D100 cut point.
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In order to get efficient, high-volume processing of drilling fluids, multiple hydrocyclones may be mounted in a standalone, inline desilter assembly. GN inline desilters may contain 4” hydrocyclones varig from 6~24 pieces. They are assembled together with a common feed and
discharge manifold.
 GN inline desander
GN inline desilter removes solids from 10- to 74-micron in size from feed slurry. When larger solids (40 micron and larger) are expected, the slurry should first be processed through a desander or similar equipment for removal of oversize particles.
4” Hydrocyclone Components
The hydrocyclone body is the main component of the 4” hydrocyclone. A cone tip is threaded into the bottom of the body. The soft apex is positioned in the tapered hole inside the orifice nut, which is threaded onto the cone tip. Tightening the orifice nut (turning clockwise) compresses the apex, thereby reducing the diameter of its opening. Loosening the orifice nut (turning counterclockwise) releases compression, allowing the apex to return to its normal size. By varying the opening of the apex the hydrocyclone spray pattern may be adjusted during operation.
 Hydrocyclone Components
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Mud gun is designed for use in a solids control system of a Drilling Rig .It is a kind of special tools which is mainly used for mixing drilling fluids in the circulation system and prevents the mud precipitates. The structure of mud gun is simple, flexible Operation and easy for using. A mud gun is the ideal equipment to guard against precipitates in a solids control system.
 drilling fluids mud gun Mud gun is installed in a mud tank, powered by feeding pumps. Furthermore, it is usually used together with mud agitator or shear pump. They have similar configuration principle in the solids control system.
NJQ Series Mud Gun is designed and made by China top solids control manufacturer – GN Solids Control. They have 2 main models for yoru optional.
Below is the technical parameters of GN series mud gun
Model NJQ50-3 NJQ80-3
Diameter 2＂（φ50） 3”(φ80)
Valve ID&pressure 0mm/3.2MPa 80mm/3.2MPa
Interface size 2＂ 3＂
Work Pressure ≤1.6MPa ≤1.6MPa
Nozzle number 3 3
Rotation angle 120° 120°
Remarks With manual rotation or not
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Decanting Centrifuge separates the suspending fluids adapting the principle of centrifugal action, the suspending fluid is pushed into the rotor drum through the inlet pipe and the fluid hole of the spiral feeder. Under the influence of centrifugal force, solid phase particles are pushed to the internal wall of the drum, then to the nud export of the small end of the drum and excreted. But the fluids is excreted from the overflow hole of the large end. Such cycle is in order to achieve the purpose of continuous separation.High speed decanting centrifuge are effective for separation.
 VFD Control Panel for Centrifuge GN Solids Control can supply different model centrifuge to meet your requirements on slurry treatment ,drilling, coring, tunneling, dredging, mining and so on. It can be used in a complete system or separately. One popular model of GN centrifuge is variable frequency drive (VFD) centrifuge GLW-V355x1250N.
GN can also make variable speed centrifuge with Atex certificated control panel and Atex/UL motor to meet the high standards of European market. Andalso, GN can adapt air conditioner for electric control panel to meet the special environment of middle east or Africa.
 VFD Control Panel for Centrifuge 1. Centrifuge screw complete with Tungsten Carbide Tiles
2. Centrifuge screw complete with Tungsten Carbide inserts liquid discharge ports
3. ATEX motors
4. ATEX control panel
5. Wear inserts on the liquid discharge from the centrifuge screw.
6. Cable glands to connect the motors and control panel
7. Cables to connect the motors and control panel.
8. Belt cover and collection box are stainless steel
Features of GN Decanter Centrifuge
- Southwest Petroleum University Technology Support
- High Speed up to 3200RPM & Variable Speed by frequency converter
- The main body of the decanter centrifuge made from stainless stee:SS304/SS316/Titanium Alloy
- The screw propeller and solids discharge made from stainless steel Stainless Steel protected by tungsten carbide alloy.
- German FAG/SKF Brand Bearings
- Screw propeller & Solids Discharge Stainless Steel protected by tungsten carbide alloy.
- Solids Liquid separation system package available
- Eletrical Components: SIEMENS/Schneider/ CHINT
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GNPJ703 mud cleaner adapts the latest designed balanced elliptical shale shaker – GNPS703.
GN uses only the highest quality materials in the manufacturing of the BEM series shale shaker and mud cleaner. GNPJ703 mud cleaner is composed of four main parts: shale shaker GNZS70-3S, desander and desilter cyclones, support bracket and base.
 GNPJ703 MUD CLEANER Main Technical Parameters
1、GNPS70-3S Balanced Elliptical Motion shale shaker
(1) Motor power： 1.94kW+1.0 kW
(2) Vibration motor speed: 1450rpm / 1750rpm
(3) Shaker screen specification: 700x1050mm×3 (40～200mush) frame pyramid screen
2、Technical parameters of desander
(1) Diameter of cyclone: 250mm / 300mm
Quantity：1-3 pieces
(2) Inlet diameter: 6″
(3) Overflow pipe diameter: 8″
(4) Separation scale: 47μm
(5) Pressure: 0.21-0.35Mpa
3、Technical parameters of desilter
(1) The diameter of cyclone: 100mm
Quantity: 6-24 pcs
(2) Inlet diameter: 6″
(3) Overflow pipe diameter: 8″
(4) Separation scale: ≥15μm
(5) Pressure: 0.25-0.4Mpa
Advantages of GNPJ703 mud cleaner:
SUPER G VIBRATING MOTOR
1) Produces 7.0 to 7.6 G’s of force.
2) Continuous internal oil bath lubrication system reduces repair and maintenance costs.
3) Sound output from the machines has been reduced to approximately 85 dBA.
PYRAMID SCREENS
1) Offers 105% to 184% more screen area.
2) Fluid handling capacity increases up to 125%.
3) Enables the use of finer mesh sizes at higher capacities.
DESANDERS
1) Inline manifold holds between one and three 10” desander cones.
2) Each cone can process 528 GPM.
3) Makes a separation between 47 and 56 microns.
DESILTERS
1) Customized desilter manifold holds up from 6 to twenty-four cones and accepts 4”hydrocyclones.
2) Each 4” cone can process 88 GPM.
3) Makes a separation between 12 and 47 microns.
4) Cones contain separate SS304 ball valves that can be individually shut off during operation to allow for increased control of flow capacities and ease of maintenance.
written by GN Decanter Centrifuge
\\ tags: GNPJ703 mud cleaner
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